What drives women towards domestic vs international business venturing? An empirical analysis in emerging markets

Focusing on emerging markets, this paper compares the motives behind entrepreneurial activities of women within and across national boundaries. The research builds opportunity-necessity spectra explores interaction four types motives: (i) becoming independent; (ii) gaining financial rewards; (iii) lack employment alternatives; (iv) multiple motives. Panel data from 25 market countries for seven-year period between 2010 2016 are tested through a static approach comparing fixed random effects followed by dynamic analysis using generalised method moments estimator. findings reveal that rewards (maintain/increase income) encourage towards international entrepreneurship, whereas necessity-driven (lack job alternatives) lead to start businesses in their home countries. Additionally, nonfinancial desires (such as independent) have negative impact both domestic entrepreneurship women.